My suggestion is try to reupgrade all of the bridge firmware on Windows.
Check the settings (do not format your HDDs) and I suggest to correct the Vendor and Product IDs.
Check out my last investigation for this (last comment):
And finally try to clean the connectors (USB 3 on RPi 4 and SATA HAT, USB 3 Bridge Adapter and SATA connectors on the SATA HAT).
And you can run fsck on every HDD to clean the filesystem.
This does seem to be a power issue.
Running only 3 drives is stable. and its not one particular drive or port as tried various 3 random drives from the 4 and in random ports and 3 seem to be stable. Also running 4 1TB drives is fine.
but 4 X 2Tb WD drives and it is unstable.
Again the powersupply should be fine with this.
so questin what power is the sata hat able to support? is there a data sheet for it anywhere?
why correct the vendor + product ID theses are showing as correct?
my last 2 cent on this topic