On any linux image I tested (armbian, debian, ubuntu, manjaro…) I was not able to record audio through the 3.5mm jack. Im using a headphone with mic(headset). It does work on Android 10 and saw that there was a fix released addressing this problem ([ROM][Android10][RockPI 4] Android Q Firmware Release). I made some attempts to fix kernel errors presented by dmesg regarding sound but this had no effect on the operation of the mic.
default error on kernel 4.4.154-111-rockchip-g39b306a41b2d
$ dmesg | grep sound
[ 3.718719] of_get_named_gpiod_flags: can’t parse ‘simple-audio-card,hp-det-gpio’ property of node ‘/es8316-sound[0]’
[ 3.718727] of_get_named_gpiod_flags: can’t parse ‘simple-audio-card,mic-det-gpio’ property of node ‘/es8316-sound[0]’
[ 3.849814] asoc-simple-card es8316-sound: ES8316 HiFi <-> ff880000.i2s mapping ok
[ 3.850531] asoc-simple-card es8316-sound: ASoC: no source widget found for MICBIAS1
[ 3.851228] asoc-simple-card es8316-sound: ASoC: Failed to add route MICBIAS1 -> direct -> Mic Jack
[ 3.852044] asoc-simple-card es8316-sound: ASoC: no sink widget found for IN1P
[ 3.852692] asoc-simple-card es8316-sound: ASoC: Failed to add route Mic Jack -> direct -> IN1P