Rock 5B+: core dump after successfully booting once

I was able to boot a new Rock 5B+ with the official image. Then I ran nixos-infect and tried to reboot, without success.

Since then, I tried booting with the official image again, without success. I can still connect using Maskrom, but booting fails with the following error messages:

After that, there is a core dump:

Any advice on how to get more information / what to do next?

Edit: The SD card seems to be fine, I was able to flash several images without any errors since then.

There’s this little plastic piece that fell off from somewhere during the first boot. I doubt it’s relevant, but those are all the clues I have.

image

Thanks!

So if you do figure what the little plastic is for, let me know. I noticed one drop onto the desk after I took out the case.