I did get the DHCP client working via manual configuration only.
For completeness: The device has two NIC:s, one I225 which NetworkManager called “Wired connection 1”, and the onboard R8125 NetworkManager called “Wired connection 2”. I guess that not should matter though.
As you see, Radxa themselves make a Debian fork distribution with the patches needed for Rock5B. The only caveat is apt upgrade is not permissive and instead they offer a tool rsetup to do system upgrades.
In my case, I have an I225 on the 2230 A+E M.2 slot i.e. 1 lane PCIe v2. The kernel upgrades did not break the support for that module. You have my report in another thread.
@incognito What happened when I upgraded the Radxa Debian Bookworm via rsetup (and via apt upgrade too) was that the onboard R8125 controller disappeared from ip a. But the I225 remained. I.e. what happened was the inverse of what you suggested now.
@incognito The I225 had other problems. After approximately 4 weeks of uptime the data would stop. And its bandwidth autonegotiation was not stable, so you need to set a fixed speed. (ethtool -s <interface_name> speed 1000 duplex full autoneg off.)